*

Hapuku (2020)

Polyprion oxygeneios

  • Rowan C. Chick (Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales)
  • Ashley Fowler (Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales)
  • Lee Georgeson (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences)
  • Jeff Norriss (Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia)
  • Anthony Roelofs (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland)
  • Paul Rogers (SARDI Aquatic Sciences, South Australia)

Date Published: June 2021

You are currently viewing a report filtered by jurisdiction. View the full report.

Toggle content

Summary

The stock structure of Hapuku in Australian waters is unknown. Hapuku stock status at the jurisdictional level is sustainable in WA, negligible in QLD and SA, and undefined in NSW and Commonwealth waters.

Toggle content

Stock Status Overview

Stock status determination
Jurisdiction Stock Stock status Indicators
Western Australia Western Australia Sustainable Spawning potential ratio, fishing mortality
Toggle content

Stock Structure

The stock structure of Hapuku throughout Australian waters is unknown. Life history characteristics similar to Bass Groper (Polyprion americanus) suggest mixing across broad geographic areas [Ball et al. 2000]. However, Beentjes and Francis [1999] inferred the likelihood of separate stocks within New Zealand based on tagging studies of Hapuku, despite recorded movements of up to about 1 400 km. Paul [2002] reported on the stock structure of Hapuku (and Bass Groper) in New Zealand, concluding that stock structure could not be described, and that there was insufficient data describing the life history characteristics to distinguish different stocks. Wakefield et al. [2010] described differences in aged-based demography and reproduction of Hapuku among regions of Western Australia, and likely pan-oceanic mixing of the broader Hapuku population (including Indian Ocean). No such investigations have been done on Hapuku throughout eastern and south eastern Australian waters to develop our understanding of stock structure. It is likely Hapuku in eastern and south eastern Australian waters constitute one or more stocks of a greater population and fisheries within this region access this stock or subset of stocks in support of their annual catches. Panmixia could be expected throughout the region, owing to the extended larval/juvenile phase (years) and large-scale genetic homogeneity of congener P. americanus which has similar life-history traits [Ball et al. 2000, Roberts 1996, Sedberry et al. 1996, Wakefield et al. 2010]. Evidence in support of a single biological stock, or stock structuring within broader Australian waters is limited.

Here, assessment of stock status is presented at the jurisdictional level—Commonwealth, Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia.

Toggle content

Stock Status

Western Australia

The Hapuku catch in Western Australia is predominantly by commercial line fishers operating along the lower west and south coasts. An age-based assessment from sampling 2005 and 2006 south coast catches estimated fishing mortality (F) to be within target and threshold levels [Wakefield et al. 2010]. More robust modelling of the same data was undertaken in 2018, assuming variable recruitment and age-based selectivity. This updated and unpublished assessment generated two spawning potential ratio estimates (± 95 per cent confidence intervals) using the per recruit and dynamic pool methods: 0.48 (0.43–0.54) and 0.44 (0.38–0.50) respectively, indicating a high likelihood that spawning potential was above the threshold reference level of 0.30. Simultaneously generated estimates of F and natural mortality M per year were 0.045 (0.04–0.05) and 0.09, respectively, giving an F/M estimate of 0.50 (0.42–0.60), well below the threshold reference level of 0.67. The new analysis shows the breeding stock was adequate and fishing mortality sustainable at the time the sample was collected. An updated age-based assessment with recent data is underway. 

On the basis of the evidence provided above, Hapuku in Western Australia is classified as a sustainable stock.

Toggle content

Biology

Hapuku biology [Ball et al. 2000, Paxton et al. 1989, Wakefield et al. 2010]

Biology
Species Longevity / Maximum Size Maturity (50 per cent)
Hapuku 52 years Females 1 114 mm TL Males 702 mm TL Females 7.1 years, 760 mm TL Males 6.8 years, 702 mm TL
Toggle content

Distributions

Distribution of reported commercial catch of Hapuku

Toggle content

Tables

Fishing methods
Western Australia
Commercial
Hand Line, Hand Reel or Powered Reels
Dropline
Charter
Hook and Line
Rod and reel
Recreational
Hook and Line
Various
Indigenous
Unspecified
Management methods
Method Western Australia
Charter
Bag and possession limits
Licence
Limited entry
Spatial closures
Temporal closures
Commercial
Effort limits
Effort limits (individual transferable effort)
Gear restrictions
License
Limited entry
Marine park closures
Spatial closures
Spatial zoning
Total allowable effort
Indigenous
Customary fishing permits
Recreational
Bag and possession limits
Bag limits
Gear restrictions
Licence (Recreational Fishing from Boat License)
Seasonal closures
Spatial closures
Catch
Western Australia
Commercial 56.97t
Indigenous Unknown
Recreational Unknown

Western Australia – Recreational (management methods) Recreational Fishing from Boat Licence is required for use of a powered boat to fish or to transport catch or fishing gear to or from a land-based fishing location.

Queensland – Indigenous (management methods) for more information see https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/traditional-fishing

New South Wales – Indigenous (Management Methods) - https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/aboriginal-fishing

Toggle content

Catch Chart

Commercial catch of Hapuku - note confidential catch not shown

Toggle content

References

  1. AFMA 2014, Residual risk assessment. Teleost and chondrichthyan species: Report for the scalefish automatic longline method of the gillnet hook and trap sector. Australian Fisheries Management Authority.
  2. AFMA 2015, Ecological risk management: Strategy for the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery. Australian Fisheries Management Authority.
  3. Ball, AO, Sedberry, GR, Zatcoff, MS, Chapman, RW and Carlin, JL 2000, Population structure of the wreckfish Polyprion americanus determined with microsatellite genetic markers. Marine Biology, 137(5-6): 1077–1090.
  4. Beentjes, MP and Francis MP 1999, Movement of hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) determined from tagging studies. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 33(1): 1–12
  5. Chick, RC and Fowler, AM 2020, Stock status summary – Hapuku 2020. NSW Department of Primary Industries. Fisheries NSW, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute. 15 pp.
  6. Henry, GW and Lyle, JM 2003, The national recreational and Indigenous fishing survey. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
  7. Kailola, PJ, Williams, MJ, Stewart, PC, Reichelt, RE, McNee, A and Grieve, C 1993, Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of resource sciences, department of primary industries and energy. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, Australia.
  8. Macbeth, WG and Gray, CA 2015, Observer-based study of commercial line fishing in waters off New South Wales, NSW DPI – Fisheries Final Report Series No. 148. Commercial Fishing Trust Fund Project no. FSC2006/179.
  9. Martell, S and Froese, R 2013, A simple method for estimating MSY from catch and resilience. Fish and Fisheries, 14: 504–514.
  10. Murphy, J.J., Ochwada-Doyle, F.A., West, L.D., Stark, K.E. and Hughes, J.M., 2020. The NSW Recreational Fisheries Monitoring Program - survey of recreational fishing, 2017/18. NSW DPI - Fisheries Final Report Series No. 158.
  11. Paul, LR 2002, Can existing data describe the stock structure of the two New Zealand groper species, hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and bass (P. americanus)? New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2002/14. 24p.
  12. Paxton, JR, Hoese, DF, Allen, GR, and Hanley, JE 1989, Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae Zoological Catalogue, 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.
  13. Penney, A, Williams, A and Hobsbawn, P 2018, SESSF Hapuku Stock Status Summary–2018
  14. QFish, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, www.qfish.gov.au
  15. Roberts, CD 1996, Hapuku and bass: the mystery of the missing juveniles. Seafood New Zealand, 4: 17–21.
  16. Sedberry GR, Andrade CA, Carlin JL, Chapman RW and others 1999, Wreckfish Polyprion americanus in the North Atlantic: fisheries, biology, and management of a widely distributed and long-lived fish. American Fisheries Society Symposium 23, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 27−50.
  17. Wakefield, CB, Newman, SJ and Molony, BW 2010, Age-based demography and reproduction of hapuku, Polyprion oxygeneios, from the south coast of Western Australia: implications for management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67(6): 1164–1174.
  18. Webley, J, McInnes, K, Teixeira, D, Lawson, A and Quinn, R 2015. Statewide Recreational Fishing Survey 2013–14. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government.
  19. West, LD, Stark, KE, Murphy, JJ, Lyle, JM and Ochwada-Doyle, FA 2015, Survey of recreational fishing in New South Wales and the ACT, 2013/14. Fisheries Final Report Series No. 149. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongong.
  20. Zhou, S, Fuller, M and Daley, R 2012, Sustainability assessment of fish species potentially impacted in the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery: 2007-2010. Report to the Australia Fisheries Management Authority, Canberra, Australia.

Downloadable reports

Click the links below to view reports from other years for this fish.