Hapuku (2023)
Polyprion oxygeneios
Date Published: June 2023
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Summary
The stock structure of Hapuku in Australian waters is unknown. Hapuku stock status at the jurisdictional level is sustainable in WA, negligible in QLD and SA, and undefined in NSW and Commonwealth waters.
Stock Status Overview
Jurisdiction | Stock | Stock status | Indicators |
---|---|---|---|
South Australia | South Australia | Negligible | Catch history |
Stock Structure
The stock structure of Hapuku throughout Australian waters is unknown. Life history characteristics similar to Bass Groper (Polyprion americanus) suggest mixing across broad geographic areas [Ball et al. 2000]. However, Beentjes and Francis [1999] inferred the likelihood of separate stocks within New Zealand based on tagging studies of Hapuku, despite recorded movements of up to about 1,400 km. Paul [2002] reported on the stock structure of Hapuku (and Bass Groper) in New Zealand, concluding that stock structure could not be described, and that there was insufficient data describing the life history characteristics to distinguish different stocks. Wakefield et al. [2010] described differences in aged-based demography and reproduction of Hapuku among regions of Western Australia, and likely pan-oceanic mixing of the broader Hapuku population (including Indian Ocean). No such investigations have been done on Hapuku throughout eastern and south-eastern Australian waters to develop our understanding of stock structure. It is likely Hapuku in eastern and south-eastern Australian waters constitute one or more stocks of a greater population and fisheries within this region access this stock or subset of stocks in support of their annual catches. Panmixia could be expected throughout the region, owing to the extended larval/juvenile phase (years) and large-scale genetic homogeneity of congener P. americanus which has similar life-history traits [Ball et al. 2000; Roberts 1996; Sedberry et al. 1999; Wakefield et al. 2010]. Evidence in support of a single biological stock, or stock structuring within broader Australian waters is limited.
Here, assessment of stock status is presented at the jurisdictional level—Commonwealth, Western Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia.
Stock Status
South Australia
Stock status for Hapuku in South Australia is reported as Negligible due to historically low catches in this jurisdiction and the stock has generally not been subject to targeted fishing. South Australia’s commercial catch of Hapuku over the past 20 years has averaged < 200 kg per annum, and the species is not a major component of recreational landings. Fishing is unlikely to be having a negative impact on the stock.
Biology
Hapuku biology [Ball et al. 2000; Paxton et al. 1989; Wakefield et al. 2010]
Species | Longevity / Maximum Size | Maturity (50 per cent) |
---|---|---|
Hapuku | 52 years Females 1 114 mm TL Males 702 mm TL | Females 7.1 years, 760 mm TL Males 6.8 years, 702 mm TL |
Tables
South Australia | |
---|---|
Commercial | |
Unspecified |
Commonwealth – Commercial (Management Methods/Catch). Data provided for the Commonwealth align with the Commonwealth Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery and the High Seas Fishery for the 2021–22 financial year.
Commonwealth – Recreational. The Australian Government does not manage recreational fishing in Commonwealth waters. Recreational fishing in Commonwealth waters is managed by the state or territory immediately adjacent to those waters, under its management regulations.
Commonwealth – Indigenous. The Australian Government does not manage non-commercial Indigenous fishing in Commonwealth waters, with the exception of the Torres Strait. In general, non-commercial Indigenous fishing in Commonwealth waters is managed by the state or territory immediately adjacent to those waters.
Western Australia – Recreational (Management Methods). Recreational Fishing from Boat Licence is required for use of a powered boat to fish or to transport catch or fishing gear to or from a land-based fishing location.
Queensland – Indigenous (Management Methods). For more information see: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/traditional-fishing
Queensland – Commercial (Catch). Queensland commercial and charter data has been sourced from the commercial fisheries logbook program. Further information available through the Queensland Fisheries Summary Report: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/monitoring-research/data/queensland-fisheries-summary-report
Queensland – Recreational Fishing (Catch). Data with high uncertainty (Residual Error > 50 %) have been excluded and listed as unknown. More information available at: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/monitoring-research/monitoring-reporting/statewide-recreational-fishing-surveys
New South Wales – Indigenous (Management Methods). - https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/aboriginal-fishing
References
- Ball, AO, Sedberry, GR, Zatcoff, MS, Chapman, RW and Carlin, JL 2000, Population structure of the wreckfish Polyprion americanus determined with microsatellite genetic markers. Marine Biology, 137(5-6): 1077–1090.
- Beentjes, MP and Francis MP 1999, Movement of hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) determined from tagging studies. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 33(1): 1–12
- Bulman, CM, Sporcic, M and Fuller, M 2021, Ecological Risk Assessment for the Effects of Fishing. Report for Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (Gillnet Hook and Trap Sector): Scalefish Automatic Longline Sub-Fishery 2015-2019, Report for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority, pp. 144.
- Chick, R.C. and A. M. Fowler. 2023. Stock assessment report 2022/23 – Ocean Trap and Line Fishery (Line Fishing – Eastern Zone) – Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios). NSW Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries. 28 pp.
- Fulton E.A., van Putten E.I., Dutra L.X.C., Melbourne-Thomas J., Ogier E., Thomas L., Murphy R.P., Butler I., Ghebrezgabhier D., Hobday A.J. and Rayns N. 2020. Adaptation of fisheries management to climate change Handbook, CSIRO, Australia.
- Henry, GW and Lyle, JM 2003, The national recreational and Indigenous fishing survey. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra.
- Kailola, PJ, Williams, MJ, Stewart, PC, Reichelt, RE, McNee, A and Grieve, C 1993, Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of resource sciences, department of primary industries and energy. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra, Australia.
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- Paul, LR 2002, Can existing data describe the stock structure of the two New Zealand groper species, hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and bass (P. americanus)? New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2002/14. 24p.
- Paxton, JR, Hoese, DF, Allen, GR, and Hanley, JE 1989, Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae Zoological Catalogue, 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.
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- QFish, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, www.qfish.gov.au
- Roberts, CD 1996, Hapuku and bass: the mystery of the missing juveniles. Seafood New Zealand, 4: 17–21.
- Ryan, K.L., Lai, E.K.M. and Smallwood, C.B. 2022. Boat-based recreational fishing in Western Australia 2020/21. Fisheries Research Report No. 327. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia. 221pp.
- Sedberry GR, Andrade CA, Carlin JL, Chapman RW, Luckhurst BE, Manooch CS, Menezes G, Thomsen B and Ulrich, GF. 1999, Wreckfish Polyprion americanus in the North Atlantic: fisheries, biology, and management of a widely distributed and long-lived fish. American Fisheries Society Symposium 23, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 27−50.
- Sporcic, M, Bulman, CM and Fuller, M 2021, Ecological Risk Assessment for the Effects of Fishing. Report for Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (Commonwealth Trawl Sector): Otter trawl Sub-fishery 2012- 2016, Report for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority, pp. 277.
- Sporcic, M, Bulman, CM and Fuller, M 2021, Ecological Risk Assessment for the Effects of Fishing. Report for Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery, Great Australian Bight Sector: Otter trawl sub-fishery 2012- 2016, Report for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority, pp. 174.
- Wakefield, CB, Newman, SJ and Molony, BW 2010, Age-based demography and reproduction of hapuku, Polyprion oxygeneios, from the south coast of Western Australia: implications for management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67(6): 1164–1174.
- Webley, J, McInnes, K, Teixeira, D, Lawson, A and Quinn, R 2015. Statewide Recreational Fishing Survey 2013–14. Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government.
- West, LD, Stark, KE, Murphy, JJ, Lyle, JM and Ochwada-Doyle, FA 2015, Survey of recreational fishing in New South Wales and the ACT, 2013/14. Fisheries Final Report Series No. 149. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongong.
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