*

Snapper is widely distributed in Australia and managed as twelve stocks. Six are sustainable, one is recovering, four are depleted and one is undefined.

Snapper has a wide distribution in Australia, ranging from waters off the north coast of Western Australia, around the south of the continent, and up to northern Queensland around Hinchinbrook Island [Kailola et al. 1993]. Within this broad distribution, the biological stock structure is complex and there are considerable differences in the spatial scales over which populations are divisible into separate stocks.

Recent genetic studies of Snapper using microsatellite markers have led to a refined understanding of stock structure for the east Australian coast that have indicated greater complexity than previously thought. Snapper from Queensland to south coast New South Wales show little genetic differentiation and are considered to represent a single genetic stock [Morgan et al. 2019], consistent with earlier studies using allozymes [Sumpton et al. 2008]. This stock is referred to as the East Coast stock, with the Queensland and New South Wales components managed and assessed at the jurisdictional level. Snapper within the East Coast biological stock is thought to be largely resident; however, some individuals do move long distances [Sumpton et al. 2003; Harasti et al. 2015; Stewart et al. 2019]. The majority of commercial landings in New South Wales are thought to consist of fish that recruit from local estuaries [Gillanders 2002]. In addition to the limited mixing within the stock, key biological traits of Snapper (such as the size and age at maturity) vary with latitude [Stewart et al. 2010]. It is therefore appropriate to manage and report on stock status of the East Coast biological stock of Snapper at the jurisdictional level as Queensland and New South Wales jurisdictional stocks.

Snapper from eastern Victoria are now recognised as genetically differentiated from those that inhabit the southern coast of New South Wales, i.e. north of Eden [Morgan et al. 2019]. As such, Snapper from Wilsons Promontory to southern New South Wales are considered a separate biological stock that is referred to as the Eastern Victorian stock. Although there is low genetic variation between the eastern and western sides of Wilsons Promontory [Meggs and Austin 2003; Morgan et al. unpublished], separation between these populations has been supported by tagging and otolith chemistry studies [Coutin et al. 2003; Hamer et al. 2011]. Snapper to the west of Wilsons Promontory, including the important fisheries of Port Phillip Bay and Western Port, constitute the Western Victorian biological stock. This stock extends westward from Wilsons Promontory to near the mouth of the Murray River in south-eastern South Australia [Sanders 1974; Donnellan and McGlennon 1996; Hamer et al. 2011; Fowler et al. 2017].

The South Australian fishery was originally divided into six management units, due to uncertainty about movement among different regional populations [Fowler et al. 2013]. However, a recent study evaluated the stock structure and adult movement among regional populations within South Australia and western Victoria [Fowler 2016; Fowler et al. 2017], based on inter-regional comparisons of otolith chemistry, otolith increment widths, and population characteristics. The study differentiated three stocks. The Western Victorian stock extends westward into south-eastern South Australia, and depends on recruitment into, and subsequent emigration from, Port Phillip Bay in Victoria. As such, this is a cross-jurisdictional stock, although the components from the two states are still managed independently. The two other stocks are wholly located within South Australia. The Spencer Gulf/West Coast stock depends on recruitment into Northern Spencer Gulf from where some fish eventually emigrate to replenish the populations of Southern Spencer Gulf and the west coast of Eyre Peninsula. The third is the Gulf St. Vincent stock, which relies on recruitment into Northern Gulf St. Vincent, and subsequent emigration to Southern Gulf St. Vincent and Investigator Strait [Fowler 2016; Fowler et al. 2017].

In Western Australia, Snapper is currently divided into six management units. At the smaller geographic scale inside Shark Bay within the Gascoyne bioregion, genetically related but biologically separate stocks have been identified in the Eastern Gulf, Denham Sound and Freycinet Estuary based on otolith microchemistry, tagging and egg/larval dispersal modelling [Johnson et al. 1986; Edmonds et al. 1999; Bastow et al. 2002; Moran et al. 2003; Nahas et al. 2003; Norriss et al. 2012; Gardner et al. 2017]. At the larger scale, Snapper in oceanic waters off the Western Australian coast that comprise the three remaining management units, i.e., Shark Bay Oceanic, West Coast and South Coast, show low levels of genetic differentiation over hundreds of kilometres consistent with gene flow that is primarily limited by geographic distance [Gardner and Chaplin 2011; Gardner et al. 2017; Bertram et al. 2022]. Recent analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, neutral loci) identified genetic discontinuities between three broad-scale genetic stocks (i.e., upper west coast, lower west coast and south coast) [Bertram et al. 2022], however, differences in biological and fishery characteristics within these boundaries supports the need for assessments to be undertaken at finer spatial scales [Jackson et al. 2023]. Otolith microchemistry has indicated residency of adult Snapper in the Gascoyne, West and South Coast bioregions, but with recruitment likely coming from multiple nursery areas [Wakefield et al. 2011; Fairclough et al. 2013; Jackson et al. 2023]. Tagging studies support these findings with most adults tagged at the key spawning locations in the Gascoyne and West Coast bioregions recaptured within 100 km, as well as philopatry of adults that aggregate to spawn in embayments on the west coast [Moran et al. 2003; Wakefield et al. 2011; Crisafulli et al. 2019].

Here, assessment of stock status for Snapper is presented at the biological stock level—Shark Bay inshore Eastern Gulf, Shark Bay inshore Denham Sound, Shark Bay inshore Freycinet Estuary (Western Australia); Eastern Victoria (Victoria), Western Victoria (Victoria and South Australia), Gulf St Vincent, Spencer Gulf/West Coast (South Australia); the management unit level—South Coast, Shark Bay Oceanic and West Coast (Western Australia); and the jurisdictional level–Queensland and New South Wales.

New South Wales

The most recent published stock assessment for East Coast Snapper that included data from 1880 to 2016 from the entire biological stock (Queensland and New South Wales) produced a range of relative biomass estimates that varied between 10 and 45% of unfished levels [Wortmann et al. 2018]. Model scenarios based on NSW data estimated that biomass in 2016 was between 20 and 45% of the virgin level [Wortmann et al. 2018]. Since 2016, the standardised catch rates for the main fishing method of fish trapping have increased slightly, noting a slight decrease in 2021–22 [Stewart 2023]. Harvest in NSW (all sectors) has remained reasonably stable averaging 345 t per year since 2016 [Stewart 2023]. Stable size compositions in commercial landings with associated increases in the range of ages supports an increase in stock resilience. There are no indications that the stock has declined since 2016. The available evidence indicates that the biomass of this stock is unlikely to be depleted and that recruitment is unlikely to be impaired.

Commercial and recreational harvest and fishing effort are at historically low levels in New South Wales. Commercial landings during 2021–22 were approximately 170 t, lower than the 10-year average of 190 t, and substantially lower than during the early 1980s when commercial landings approached 1,000 t per year [Stewart 2023]. Recreational harvest in 2019–20 was estimated at around 160 t [Stewart 2023]. The number of days reported fish trapping when Snapper were landed has declined from around 5,000 in 2009–10 to less than 3,000 in 2021–22, largely due to management driven reforms to the sector [Stewart 2023]. Trends in the size and age compositions of landed catches suggest population rebuilding from around 2008 onwards, with gear selectivity driven stability in size compositions associated with continual increases in the range of ages of fish in commercial landings [Wortmann et al. 2018; Stewart 2023]. These lines of evidence support the population model estimates of an increasing biomass in recent times under existing levels of harvest. The above evidence indicates that the current level of fishing mortality is unlikely to cause the stock to become recruitment impaired.

On the basis of the evidence provided above, Snapper in New South Wales is classified as a sustainable stock.

Snapper biology [Jackson et al. 2010, Stewart et al. 2010; Wakefield et al. 2015; Fowler et al. 2016; Wakefield et al. 2016; Jackson et al. 2023]

Western Australia - Recreational (Catch). Ryan et al. 2022.

Western Australia – Recreational (Management Methods) In Western Australia, total recreational catch limits (that is, maximum catch limits) have been applied to stocks of Snapper in inner Shark Bay and the West Coast, to aid recovery of stocks.

Queensland – Indigenous (Management Methods). For more information see: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/traditional-fishing

Queensland – Recreational Fishing (Catch). Data are based at the whole of Queensland level and derived from statewide recreational fishing surveys. Where possible, estimates have been converted to weight (tonnes) using best known conversion multipliers. Conversion factors may display regional or temporal variability. In the absence of an adequate conversion factor, data presented as number of fish.

Queensland – Commercial and Charter (Catch). Queensland commercial and charter data has been sourced from the commercial fisheries logbook program. Further information available through the Queensland Fisheries Summary Report https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/monitoring-research/data/queensland-fisheries-summary-report

Queensland – Commercial (Management Methods). Recent management changes are available at https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/sustainable/legislation and harvest strategy information is available at https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/sustainable/harvest-strategy  

New South Wales – Recreational (Catch). Murphy et al. 2022; Stewart 2023.

New South Wales – Indigenous (Management Methods). (https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/aboriginal-fishing.

Victoria – Indigenous (Management Methods). A person who identifies as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is exempt from the need to obtain a Victorian recreational fishing licence, provided they comply with all other rules that apply to recreational fishers, including rules on equipment, catch limits, size limits and restricted areas. Traditional (non-commercial) fishing activities that are carried out by members of a traditional owner group entity under an agreement pursuant to Victoria’s Traditional Owner Settlement Act 2010 are also exempt from the need to hold a recreational fishing licence, subject to any conditions outlined in the agreement. Native title holders are also exempt from the need to obtain a recreational fishing licence under the provisions of the Commonwealth’s Native Title Act 1993.

South Australia – Recreational (Catch). Beckmann et al. 2023.

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