Snapper (2023)
Chrysophrys auratus
Date Published: June 2023
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Summary
Snapper is widely distributed in Australia and managed as twelve stocks. Six are sustainable, one is recovering, four are depleted and one is undefined.
Stock Status Overview
Jurisdiction | Stock | Stock status | Indicators |
---|---|---|---|
Tasmania | Eastern Victoria | Undefined | Catch |
Stock Structure
Snapper has a wide distribution in Australia, ranging from waters off the north coast of Western Australia, around the south of the continent, and up to northern Queensland around Hinchinbrook Island [Kailola et al. 1993]. Within this broad distribution, the biological stock structure is complex and there are considerable differences in the spatial scales over which populations are divisible into separate stocks.
Recent genetic studies of Snapper using microsatellite markers have led to a refined understanding of stock structure for the east Australian coast that have indicated greater complexity than previously thought. Snapper from Queensland to south coast New South Wales show little genetic differentiation and are considered to represent a single genetic stock [Morgan et al. 2019], consistent with earlier studies using allozymes [Sumpton et al. 2008]. This stock is referred to as the East Coast stock, with the Queensland and New South Wales components managed and assessed at the jurisdictional level. Snapper within the East Coast biological stock is thought to be largely resident; however, some individuals do move long distances [Sumpton et al. 2003; Harasti et al. 2015; Stewart et al. 2019]. The majority of commercial landings in New South Wales are thought to consist of fish that recruit from local estuaries [Gillanders 2002]. In addition to the limited mixing within the stock, key biological traits of Snapper (such as the size and age at maturity) vary with latitude [Stewart et al. 2010]. It is therefore appropriate to manage and report on stock status of the East Coast biological stock of Snapper at the jurisdictional level as Queensland and New South Wales jurisdictional stocks.
Snapper from eastern Victoria are now recognised as genetically differentiated from those that inhabit the southern coast of New South Wales, i.e. north of Eden [Morgan et al. 2019]. As such, Snapper from Wilsons Promontory to southern New South Wales are considered a separate biological stock that is referred to as the Eastern Victorian stock. Although there is low genetic variation between the eastern and western sides of Wilsons Promontory [Meggs and Austin 2003; Morgan et al. unpublished], separation between these populations has been supported by tagging and otolith chemistry studies [Coutin et al. 2003; Hamer et al. 2011]. Snapper to the west of Wilsons Promontory, including the important fisheries of Port Phillip Bay and Western Port, constitute the Western Victorian biological stock. This stock extends westward from Wilsons Promontory to near the mouth of the Murray River in south-eastern South Australia [Sanders 1974; Donnellan and McGlennon 1996; Hamer et al. 2011; Fowler et al. 2017].
The South Australian fishery was originally divided into six management units, due to uncertainty about movement among different regional populations [Fowler et al. 2013]. However, a recent study evaluated the stock structure and adult movement among regional populations within South Australia and western Victoria [Fowler 2016; Fowler et al. 2017], based on inter-regional comparisons of otolith chemistry, otolith increment widths, and population characteristics. The study differentiated three stocks. The Western Victorian stock extends westward into south-eastern South Australia, and depends on recruitment into, and subsequent emigration from, Port Phillip Bay in Victoria. As such, this is a cross-jurisdictional stock, although the components from the two states are still managed independently. The two other stocks are wholly located within South Australia. The Spencer Gulf/West Coast stock depends on recruitment into Northern Spencer Gulf from where some fish eventually emigrate to replenish the populations of Southern Spencer Gulf and the west coast of Eyre Peninsula. The third is the Gulf St. Vincent stock, which relies on recruitment into Northern Gulf St. Vincent, and subsequent emigration to Southern Gulf St. Vincent and Investigator Strait [Fowler 2016; Fowler et al. 2017].
In Western Australia, Snapper is currently divided into six management units. At the smaller geographic scale inside Shark Bay within the Gascoyne bioregion, genetically related but biologically separate stocks have been identified in the Eastern Gulf, Denham Sound and Freycinet Estuary based on otolith microchemistry, tagging and egg/larval dispersal modelling [Johnson et al. 1986; Edmonds et al. 1999; Bastow et al. 2002; Moran et al. 2003; Nahas et al. 2003; Norriss et al. 2012; Gardner et al. 2017]. At the larger scale, Snapper in oceanic waters off the Western Australian coast that comprise the three remaining management units, i.e., Shark Bay Oceanic, West Coast and South Coast, show low levels of genetic differentiation over hundreds of kilometres consistent with gene flow that is primarily limited by geographic distance [Gardner and Chaplin 2011; Gardner et al. 2017; Bertram et al. 2022]. Recent analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, neutral loci) identified genetic discontinuities between three broad-scale genetic stocks (i.e., upper west coast, lower west coast and south coast) [Bertram et al. 2022], however, differences in biological and fishery characteristics within these boundaries supports the need for assessments to be undertaken at finer spatial scales [Jackson et al. 2023]. Otolith microchemistry has indicated residency of adult Snapper in the Gascoyne, West and South Coast bioregions, but with recruitment likely coming from multiple nursery areas [Wakefield et al. 2011; Fairclough et al. 2013; Jackson et al. 2023]. Tagging studies support these findings with most adults tagged at the key spawning locations in the Gascoyne and West Coast bioregions recaptured within 100 km, as well as philopatry of adults that aggregate to spawn in embayments on the west coast [Moran et al. 2003; Wakefield et al. 2011; Crisafulli et al. 2019].
Here, assessment of stock status for Snapper is presented at the biological stock level—Shark Bay inshore Eastern Gulf, Shark Bay inshore Denham Sound, Shark Bay inshore Freycinet Estuary (Western Australia); Eastern Victoria (Victoria), Western Victoria (Victoria and South Australia), Gulf St Vincent, Spencer Gulf/West Coast (South Australia); the management unit level—South Coast, Shark Bay Oceanic and West Coast (Western Australia); and the jurisdictional level–Queensland and New South Wales.
Stock Status
Eastern Victoria
Considerable overlap occurs between the Eastern and Western Victorian biological stocks of Snapper. Fish from the Western Victorian stock frequently migrate into the east, particularly following high recruitment [Bertram et al. 2023]. The Eastern Victoria stock also contains a large proportion (approximately 50%) of Snapper that are of mixed heritage between the Western Victorian and Eastern Australian stock, and also fish from the Eastern Australian stock [Bertram et al. 2023]. Given the apparent importance of localised spawning and recruitment, and sporadic recruitment in the Western Victorian stock that cannot be relied upon to replenish stocks in this area alone, the Eastern Victorian stock, extending from Wilson's Promontory to the New South Wales border, is managed as an individual stock in Victoria.
In this region, commercial harvests are mostly by Victorian and Commonwealth licensed operators. Recreational fishing is also important and thought to be increasing, particularly in coastal waters between Lakes Entrance and Corner Inlet-Nooramunga where spawning aggregations are targeted on inshore reefs during the late spring/early summer.
Catch by the Victorian commercial sector is low relative to catches in the Western Victoria stock, averaging approximately 3.5 tonnes (t) per year since 2009–10, and rarely exceeding 5 t per year [Bell et al. 2023]. Catches by Commonwealth operators are higher, averaging approximately 14.5 t since 2009–10 [Bell et al. 2023]. Snapper is a by-product species in the Commonwealth fishery. Recreational catch is unknown and there are no time series of catch rates or length/age composition for the recreational fishery.
There is no published assessment of this stock and there are no data available to estimate biomass or exploitation rates. In addition, there is no knowledge of recruitment or harvestable biomass, and there are no defined target or limit reference levels. This prevents assessment of current stock size or fishing pressure. Consequently, there is insufficient information available to confidently classify the status of this stock.
On the basis of the evidence presented above, the Eastern Victoria biological stock is classified as an undefined stock.
Biology
Snapper biology [Jackson et al. 2010, Stewart et al. 2010; Wakefield et al. 2015; Fowler et al. 2016; Wakefield et al. 2016; Jackson et al. 2023]
Species | Longevity / Maximum Size | Maturity (50 per cent) |
---|---|---|
Snapper | 30–40 years, 1300 mm TL | 2–7 years, 220–560 mm TL |
Tables
Tasmania | |
---|---|
Commercial | |
Unspecified |
Western Australia - Recreational (Catch). Ryan et al. 2022.
Western Australia – Recreational (Management Methods) In Western Australia, total recreational catch limits (that is, maximum catch limits) have been applied to stocks of Snapper in inner Shark Bay and the West Coast, to aid recovery of stocks.
Queensland – Indigenous (Management Methods). For more information see: https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/traditional-fishing
Queensland – Recreational Fishing (Catch). Data are based at the whole of Queensland level and derived from statewide recreational fishing surveys. Where possible, estimates have been converted to weight (tonnes) using best known conversion multipliers. Conversion factors may display regional or temporal variability. In the absence of an adequate conversion factor, data presented as number of fish.
Queensland – Commercial and Charter (Catch). Queensland commercial and charter data has been sourced from the commercial fisheries logbook program. Further information available through the Queensland Fisheries Summary Report https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/monitoring-research/data/queensland-fisheries-summary-report
Queensland – Commercial (Management Methods). Recent management changes are available at https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/sustainable/legislation and harvest strategy information is available at https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/fisheries/sustainable/harvest-strategy
New South Wales – Recreational (Catch). Murphy et al. 2022; Stewart 2023.
New South Wales – Indigenous (Management Methods). (https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/aboriginal-fishing.
Victoria – Indigenous (Management Methods). A person who identifies as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is exempt from the need to obtain a Victorian recreational fishing licence, provided they comply with all other rules that apply to recreational fishers, including rules on equipment, catch limits, size limits and restricted areas. Traditional (non-commercial) fishing activities that are carried out by members of a traditional owner group entity under an agreement pursuant to Victoria’s Traditional Owner Settlement Act 2010 are also exempt from the need to hold a recreational fishing licence, subject to any conditions outlined in the agreement. Native title holders are also exempt from the need to obtain a recreational fishing licence under the provisions of the Commonwealth’s Native Title Act 1993.
South Australia – Recreational (Catch). Beckmann et al. 2023.
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